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<title>R (programming language)</title>

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R (programming language)

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">R</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Terminal window for R</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a>, <a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="Array_programming" title="Array programming">array</a><a href="#cite_note-Morandat-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ross_Ihaka" title="Ross Ihaka">Ross Ihaka</a> and <a href="Robert_Gentleman_(statistician)" title="Robert Gentleman (statistician)">Robert Gentleman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">R Core Team</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1993 (1993-08)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">4.5.1<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-4328ea7f68d448441fed2fcbc2731f889fba6bfc-v20-2">[2]</a>

/ 13 June 2025 (13 June 2025)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Arm64" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm64">arm64</a> and <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GNU_GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU GPL">GPL-2.0-or-later</a><a href="#cite_note-gnugpl-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>.r<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li>.rdata</li><li>.rhistory</li><li>.rds</li><li>.rda<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.r-project.org/">r-project.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="hlist">

<li><a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a><a href="#cite_note-Morandat-1">[1]</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-7">[7]</a> <a href="Pandas_(software)" title="Pandas (software)">pandas</a><a href="#cite_note-pandas-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;">

<ul><li> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/R_Programming" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:R Programming">R Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul>

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R is a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> for <a href="Statistical_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical computing">statistical computing</a> and <a href="Data_and_information_visualization" title="Data and information visualization">data visualization</a>. It has been widely adopted in the fields of <a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a>, <a href="Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>, <a href="Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a>, and <a href="Data_science" title="Data science">data science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

The core R language is extended by a large number of <a href="R_package" title="R package">software packages</a>, which contain <a href="Reusability" title="Reusability">reusable code</a>, documentation, and sample data. Some of the most popular R packages are in the <a href="Tidyverse" title="Tidyverse">tidyverse</a> collection, which enhances functionality for visualizing, transforming, and modelling data, as well as improves the ease of programming (according to the authors and users).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

R is <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> distributed under the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gnugpl-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The language is implemented primarily in <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, and <a href="Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">R itself</a>. <a href="Preprocessor" title="Preprocessor">Precompiled</a> <a href="Executable" title="Executable">executables</a> are available for the major <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> (including <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a>, and <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>).

Its core is an <a href="Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">interpreted language</a> with a native <a href="Command_line_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interface">command line interface</a>. In addition, multiple <a href="Third-party_software_component" title="Third-party software component">third-party</a> applications are available as <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a>; such applications include <a href="RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a> (an <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a>) and <a href="Jupyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (a <a href="Notebook_interface" title="Notebook interface">notebook interface</a>).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

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</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Co-originators of the R language</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional">

<div class="gallerytext">Ross Ihaka</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Robert Gentleman</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

R was started by professors <a href="Ross_Ihaka" title="Ross Ihaka">Ross Ihaka</a> and <a href="Robert_Gentleman_(statistician)" title="Robert Gentleman (statistician)">Robert Gentleman</a> as a programming language to teach introductory statistics at the <a href="University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-otago_pg12-12">[12]</a> The language was inspired by the <a href="S_(programming_language)" title="S (programming language)">S programming language</a>, with most S programs able to run unaltered in R.<a href="#cite_note-R_FAQ-6">[6]</a> The language was also inspired by <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme's</a> <a href="Lexical_scoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical scoping">lexical scoping</a>, allowing for <a href="Local_variable" title="Local variable">local variables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morandat-1">[1]</a>

The name of the language, R, comes from being both an S language successor and the shared first letter of the authors, Ross and Robert.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In August 1993, Ihaka and Gentleman posted a <a href="Binary_file" title="Binary file">binary</a> file of R on StatLib — a data archive website.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> At the same time, they announced the posting on the s-news mailing list.<a href="#cite_note-Interface98-15">[15]</a> On 5 December 1997, R became a <a href="GNU_project" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU project">GNU project</a> when version 0.60 was released.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> On 29 February 2000, the 1.0 version was released.<a href="#cite_note-otago_pg18-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packages">Packages</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="R_package" title="R package">R package</a></div>

<a href="R_package" title="R package">R packages</a> are collections of functions, documentation, and data that expand R.<a href="#cite_note-rds_pagexvii-18">[18]</a> For example, packages can add reporting features (using packages such as <a href="RStudio#Reproducible_analyses_with_R_Markdown_vignettes" title="RStudio">RMarkdown</a>, Quarto,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="Knitr" title="Knitr">knitr</a>, and <a href="Sweave" title="Sweave">Sweave</a>) and support for various statistical techniques (such as <a href="Linear" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear">linear</a>, <a href="Generalized_linear_model" title="Generalized linear model">generalized linear</a> and <a href="Nonlinear_system" title="Nonlinear system">nonlinear</a> modeling, classical <a href="Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">statistical tests</a>, <a href="Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">spatial</a> analysis, <a href="Time-series_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-series analysis">time-series analysis</a>, and <a href="Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">clustering</a>). Ease of package installation and use have contributed to the language's adoption in <a href="Data_science" title="Data science">data science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chambers2020-20">[20]</a>

Immediately available when starting R after installation, base packages provide the fundamental and necessary syntax and commands for programming, computing, graphics production, <a href="Elementary_arithmetic" title="Elementary arithmetic">basic arithmetic</a>, and statistical functionality.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

An example is the <a href="Tidyverse" title="Tidyverse">tidyverse</a> collection of R packages, which bundles several subsidiary packages to provide a common <a href="API" title="API">API</a>. The collection specializes in tasks related to accessing and processing "<a href="Tidy_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidy data">tidy data</a>",<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> which are data contained in a <a href="Two-dimensional_space" title="Two-dimensional space">two-dimensional</a> table with a single row for each <a href="Observation" title="Observation">observation</a> and a single column for each variable.<a href="#cite_note-rds-23">[23]</a>

Installing a package occurs only once. For example, to install the tidyverse collection:<a href="#cite_note-rds-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> install.packages("tidyverse")

</pre></div>

To load the functions, data, and documentation of a package, one calls the <code>library()</code> function. To load the tidyverse collection, one can execute the following code:<a href="#cite_note-24">[a]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> # The package name can be enclosed in quotes

> library("tidyverse")

> # But the package name can also be used without quotes

> library(tidyverse)

</pre></div>

The <a href="R_package#Comprehensive_R_Archive_Network_(CRAN)" title="R package">Comprehensive R Archive Network</a> (CRAN) was founded in 1997 by Kurt Hornik and <a href="Friedrich_Leisch" title="Friedrich Leisch">Friedrich Leisch</a> to host R's <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, executable files, documentation, and user-created packages.<a href="#cite_note-:10-25">[24]</a> CRAN's name and scope mimic the <a href="Comprehensive_TeX_Archive_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive TeX Archive Network">Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a> (CTAN) and the <a href="Comprehensive_Perl_Archive_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Perl Archive Network">Comprehensive Perl Archive Network</a> (CPAN).<a href="#cite_note-:10-25">[24]</a> CRAN originally had only three <a href="Mirror_site" title="Mirror site">mirror sites</a> and twelve contributed packages.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> As of 30 June 2025, it has 90 mirrors<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[26]</a> and 22,390 contributed packages.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[27]</a> Packages are also available in <a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">repositories</a> such as R-Forge, Omegahat, and <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a>

To provide guidance on the CRAN web site, its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/">Task Views</a> area lists packages that are relevant for specific topics; sample topics include <a href="Causal_inference" title="Causal inference">causal inference</a>, <a href="Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>, <a href="Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">high-performance computing</a>, <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, <a href="Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>, <a href="Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>, <a href="Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, and <a href="Spatial_statistics" title="Spatial statistics">spatial statistics</a>.

The <a href="Bioconductor" title="Bioconductor">Bioconductor</a> project provides packages for <a href="Genomics" title="Genomics">genomic</a> data analysis, <a href="Complementary_DNA" title="Complementary DNA">complementary DNA</a>, <a href="Microarray" title="Microarray">microarray</a>, and <a href="High-throughput_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="High-throughput sequencing">high-throughput sequencing</a> methods.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2></div>

There are three main groups that help support R software development:

<ul><li>The R Core Team was founded in 1997 to maintain the R <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>.</li>

<li>The R Foundation for Statistical Computing was founded in April 2003 to provide financial support.</li>

<li>The R Consortium is a <a href="Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a> project to develop R infrastructure.</li></ul>

<a href="The_R_Journal" title="The R Journal">The R Journal</a> is an <a href="Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>, <a href="Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> that features short to medium-length articles on the use and development of R. The journal includes articles on packages, programming tips, CRAN news, and foundation news.

The R community hosts many conferences and in-person meetups.<a href="#cite_note-32">[b]</a> These groups include:

<ul><li>UseR!: an annual international R user conference (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.r-project.org/conferences/">website</a>)</li>

<li>Directions in Statistical Computing (DSC) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.r-project.org/conferences/">website</a>)</li>

<li><a href="R-Ladies" title="R-Ladies">R-Ladies</a>: an organization to promote <a href="Gender_diversity" title="Gender diversity">gender diversity</a> in the R community (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rladies.org">website</a>)</li>

<li>SatRdays: R-focused conferences held on Saturdays (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://satrdays.github.io/">website</a>)</li>

<li>Data Science & AI Conferences (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rstats.ai/">website</a>)</li>

<li>posit::conf (formerly known as rstudio::conf) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.posit.co/conference/">website</a>)</li></ul>

On social media sites such as Twitter, the hashtag <code>#rstats</code> can be used to follow new developments in the R community.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hello,_World!">Hello, World!</h3></div>

The following is a <a href="%22Hello%2C_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a>:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> print("Hello, World!")

[1] "Hello, World!"

</pre></div>Here is an alternative version, which uses the <code>cat()</code> function:<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> cat("Hello, World!")

Hello, World!

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_syntax">Basic syntax</h3></div>

The following examples illustrate the basic <a href="Programming_language_syntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming language syntax">syntax of the language</a> and use of the command-line interface.<a href="#cite_note-34">[c]</a>

In R, the generally preferred <a href="Assignment_(computer_science)" title="Assignment (computer science)">assignment operator</a> is an arrow made from two characters <code><-</code>, although <code>=</code> can be used in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> x <- 1:6 # Create a numeric vector in the current environment

> y <- x^2 # Similarly, create a vector based on the values in x.

> print(y) # Print the vector’s contents.

[1] 1 4 9 16 25 36

> z <- x + y # Create a new vector that is the sum of x and y

> z # Return the contents of z to the current environment.

[1] 2 6 12 20 30 42

> z_matrix <- matrix(z, nrow = 3) # Create a new matrix that transforms the vector z into a 3x2 matrix object

> z_matrix

[,1] [,2]

[1,] 2 20

[2,] 6 30

[3,] 12 42

> 2 * t(z_matrix) - 2 # Transpose the matrix; multiply every element by 2; subtract 2 from each element in the matrix; and then return the results to the terminal.

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 2 10 22

[2,] 38 58 82

> new_df <- data.frame(t(z_matrix), row.names = c("A", "B")) # Create a new dataframe object that contains the data from a transposed z_matrix, with row names 'A' and 'B'

> names(new_df) <- c("X", "Y", "Z") # Set the column names of the new_df dataframe as X, Y, and Z.

> print(new_df) # Print the current results.

X Y Z

A 2 6 12

B 20 30 42

> new_df$Z # Output the Z column

[1] 12 42

> new_df$Z == new_df['Z'] && new_df[3] == new_df$Z # The dataframe column Z can be accessed using the syntax $Z, ['Z'], or [3], and the values are the same.

[1] TRUE

> attributes(new_df) # Print information about attributes of the new_df dataframe

$names

[1] "X" "Y" "Z"

$row.names

[1] "A" "B"

$class

[1] "data.frame"

> attributes(new_df)$row.names <- c("one", "two") # Access and then change the row.names attribute; this can also be done using the rownames() function

> new_df

X Y Z

one 2 6 12

two 20 30 42

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_of_a_function">Structure of a function</h3></div>

R is able to create <a href="Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)">functions</a> that add new functionality for code reuse.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <a href="Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">Objects</a> created within the body of the function (which are enclosed by curly brackets) remain <a href="Local_variable" title="Local variable">accessible only</a> from within the function, and any <a href="Data_type" title="Data type">data type</a> may be returned. In R, almost all functions and all <a href="User-defined_function" title="User-defined function">user-defined functions</a> are <a href="Closure_(computer_programming)" title="Closure (computer programming)">closures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a>

The following is an example of creating a function to perform an arithmetic calculation:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-r mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre># The function's input parameters are x and y.

# The function, named f, returns a linear combination of x and y.

z <- 3 * x + 4 * y

# An explicit return() statement is optional--it could be replaced with simply `z` in this case.

return(z)

}

# As an alternative, the last statement executed in a function is returned implicitly.

f <- function(x, y) 3 * x + 4 * y

</pre></div>

The following is some output from using the function defined above:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> f(1, 2) # 3 * 1 + 4 * 2 = 3 + 8

[1] 11

> f(c(1, 2, 3), c(5, 3, 4)) # Element-wise calculation

[1] 23 18 25

> f(1:3, 4) # Equivalent to f(c(1, 2, 3), c(4, 4, 4))

[1] 19 22 25

</pre></div>

It is possible to define functions to be used as <a href="Infix_notation" title="Infix notation">infix operators</a> by using the special syntax <code>`%name%`</code>, where "name" is the function variable name:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> `%sumx2y2%` <- function(e1, e2) {e1 ^ 2 + e2 ^ 2}

> 1:3 %sumx2y2% -(1:3)

[1] 2 8 18

</pre></div>

Since R version 4.1.0, functions can be written in a short notation, which is useful for passing anonymous functions to higher-order functions:<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> sapply(1:5, \(i) i^2) # here \(i) is the same as function(i)

[1] 1 4 9 16 25

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_pipe_operator">Native pipe operator</h3></div>

In R version 4.1.0, a native <a href="Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipe operator</a>, <code>|></code>, was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> This operator allows users to chain functions together, rather than using nested function calls.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> nrow(subset(mtcars, cyl == 4)) # Nested without the pipe character

[1] 11

> mtcars |> subset(cyl == 4) |> nrow() # Using the pipe character

[1] 11

</pre></div>

Another alternative to nested functions is the use of intermediate objects, rather than the pipe operator:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> mtcars_subset_rows <- subset(mtcars, cyl == 4)

> num_mtcars_subset <- nrow(mtcars_subset_rows)

> print(num_mtcars_subset)

[1] 11

</pre></div>While the pipe operator can produce code that is easier to read, it is advisable to chain together at most 10-15 lines of code using this operator, as well as to chunk code into <a href="Task_(project_management)" title="Task (project management)">sub-tasks</a> that are saved into objects having meaningful names.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a>

The following is an example having fewer than 10 lines, which some readers may find difficult to grasp in the absence of intermediate named steps:<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-r mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre>(\(x, n = 42, key = c(letters, LETTERS, " ", ":", ")"))

strsplit(x, "")[[1]] |>

(Vectorize(\(chr) which(chr == key) - 1))() |>

(`+`)(n) |>

(`%%`)(length(key)) |>

(\(i) key[i + 1])() |>

paste(collapse = "")

)("duvFkvFksnvEyLkHAErnqnoyr")

</pre></div>The following is a version of the preceding code that is easier to read:<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-r mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>default_key <- c(letters, LETTERS, " ", ":", ")")

f <- function(x, n = 42, key = default_key) {

split_input <- strsplit(x, "")[[1]]

results <- (Vectorize(\(chr) which(chr == key) - 1))(split_input) |>

(`+`)(n) |>

combined_results <- paste(results, collapse = "")

return(combined_results)

}

f("duvFkvFksnvEyLkHAErnqnoyr")

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object-oriented_programming">Object-oriented programming</h3></div>

The R language has native support for <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. There are two native <a href="Application_framework" title="Application framework">frameworks</a>, the so-called S3 and S4 systems. The former, being more informal, supports single dispatch on the first argument, and objects are assigned to a class simply by setting a "class" attribute in each object. The latter is a system like the <a href="CLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="CLOS">Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)</a>, with formal classes (also derived from <a href="S_(programming_language)#S4" title="S (programming language)">S</a>) and generic methods, which supports <a href="Multiple_dispatch" title="Multiple dispatch">multiple dispatch</a> and <a href="Multiple_inheritance" title="Multiple inheritance">multiple inheritance</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a>

In the example below, <code>summary()</code> is a <a href="Generic_function" title="Generic function">generic function</a> that dispatches to different methods depending on whether its <a href="Argument_of_a_function" title="Argument of a function">argument</a> is a numeric <a href="Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)" title="Vector (mathematics and physics)">vector</a> or a factor:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> data <- c("a", "b", "c", "a", NA)

> summary(data)

Length Class Mode

5 character character

> summary(as.factor(data))

a b c NA's

2 1 1 1

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling_and_plotting">Modeling and plotting</h3></div>

The R language has built-in support for <a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">data modeling</a> and graphics. The following example shows how R can generate and plot a <a href="Linear_model" title="Linear model">linear model</a> with residuals.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-r mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre># Create x and y values

x <- 1:6

y <- x^2

# Linear regression model: y = A + B * x

model <- lm(y ~ x)

# Display an in-depth summary of the model

summary(model)

# Create a 2-by-2 layout for figures

par(mfrow = c(2, 2))

# Output diagnostic plots of the model

plot(model)

</pre></div>

The output from the <code>summary()</code> function in the preceding code block is as follows:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Residuals:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667 3.3333

Coefficients:

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -9.3333 2.8441 -3.282 0.030453 *

x 7.0000 0.7303 9.585 0.000662 ***

---

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-squared: 0.9583, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9478

F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF, p-value: 0.000662

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandelbrot_set">Mandelbrot set</h3></div>

This example of a <a href="Mandelbrot_set" title="Mandelbrot set">Mandelbrot set</a> highlights the use of <a href="Complex_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex numbers">complex numbers</a>. It models the first 20 <a href="Iteration" title="Iteration">iterations</a> of the <a href="Equation" title="Equation">equation</a> <code>z = z2 + c</code>, where <code>c</code> represents different <a href="Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex constants</a>.

To run this sample code, it is necessary to first install the package that provides the <code>write.gif()</code> function:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-r mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>install.packages("caTools")

</pre></div>

The sample code is as follows:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-r mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>library(caTools)

jet.colors <-

colorRampPalette(

c("green", "pink", "#007FFF", "cyan", "#7FFF7F",

"white", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000"))

dx <- 1500 # define width

dy <- 1400 # define height

C <-

complex(

real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy),

imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), times = dx)

)

# reshape as matrix of complex numbers

C <- matrix(C, dy, dx)

# initialize output 3D array

X <- array(0, c(dy, dx, 20))

Z <- 0

# loop with 20 iterations

for (k in 1:20) {

# the central difference equation

Z <- Z^2 + C

# capture the results

X[, , k] <- exp(-abs(Z))

}

write.gif(

X,

"Mandelbrot.gif",

col = jet.colors,

delay = 100)

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Version_names">Version names</h2></div>

All R version releases from 2.14.0 onward have <a href="Code_name" title="Code name">codenames</a> that make reference to <a href="Peanuts" title="Peanuts">Peanuts</a> comics and films.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a>

In 2018, core R developer <a href="Peter_Dalgaard" title="Peter Dalgaard">Peter Dalgaard</a> presented a history of R releases since 1997.<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[42]</a> Some notable early releases before the named releases include the following:

<ul><li>Version 1.0.0, released on 29 February 2000, a <a href="Leap_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Leap days">leap day</a></li>

<li>Version 2.0.0, released on 4 October 2004, "which at least had a nice ring to it"<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[42]</a></li></ul>

The idea of naming R version releases was inspired by the naming system for <a href="Debian_version_history" title="Debian version history">Debian</a> and <a href="Ubuntu_version_history" title="Ubuntu version history">Ubuntu</a> versions. Dalgaard noted an additional reason for the use of Peanuts references in R codenames—the humorous observation that "everyone in statistics is a <a href="P-value" title="P-value">P-nut</a>."<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[42]</a>

<caption>R release codenames

</caption>

<th>Version

</th>

<th>Release date

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Peanuts reference

</th>

<th>Reference

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.5.1

</td>

<td>2025-06-13

</td>

<td>Great Square Root

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.5.0

</td>

<td>2025-04-11

</td>

<td>How About a Twenty-Six

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.4.3

</td>

<td>2025-02-28

</td>

<td>Trophy Case

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.4.2

</td>

<td>2024-10-31

</td>

<td>Pile of Leaves

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.4.1

</td>

<td>2024-06-14

</td>

<td>Race for Your Life

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.4.0

</td>

<td>2024-04-24

</td>

<td>Puppy Cup

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.3.3

</td>

<td>2024-02-29

</td>

<td>Angel Food Cake

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.3.2

</td>

<td>2023-10-31

</td>

<td>Eye Holes

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.3.1

</td>

<td>2023-06-16

</td>

<td>Beagle Scouts

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.3.0

</td>

<td>2023-04-21

</td>

<td>Already Tomorrow

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.2.3

</td>

<td>2023-03-15

</td>

<td>Shortstop Beagle

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.2.2

</td>

<td>2022-10-31

</td>

<td>Innocent and Trusting

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.2.1

</td>

<td>2022-06-23

</td>

<td>Funny-Looking Kid

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.2.0

</td>

<td>2022-04-22

</td>

<td>Vigorous Calisthenics

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.1.3

</td>

<td>2022-03-10

</td>

<td>One Push-Up

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.1.2

</td>

<td>2021-11-01

</td>

<td>Bird Hippie

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.1.1

</td>

<td>2021-08-10

</td>

<td>Kick Things

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.1.0

</td>

<td>2021-05-18

</td>

<td>Camp Pontanezen

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.0.5

</td>

<td>2021-03-31

</td>

<td>Shake and Throw

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.0.4

</td>

<td>2021-02-15

</td>

<td>Lost Library Book

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.0.3

</td>

<td>2020-10-10

</td>

<td>Bunny-Wunnies Freak Out

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.0.2

</td>

<td>2020-06-22

</td>

<td>Taking Off Again

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.0.1

</td>

<td>2020-06-06

</td>

<td>See Things Now

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.0.0

</td>

<td>2020-04-24

</td>

<td>Arbor Day

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.6.3

</td>

<td>2020-02-29

</td>

<td>Holding the Windsock

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.6.2

</td>

<td>2019-12-12

</td>

<td>Dark and Stormy Night

</td>

<td>See <a href="It_was_a_dark_and_stormy_night#Literature" title="It was a dark and stormy night">It was a dark and stormy night#Literature</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.6.1

</td>

<td>2019-07-05

</td>

<td>Action of the Toes

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.6.0

</td>

<td>2019-04-26

</td>

<td>Planting of a Tree

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.5.3

</td>

<td>2019-03-11

</td>

<td>Great Truth

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.5.2

</td>

<td>2018-12-20

</td>

<td>Eggshell Igloos

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.5.1

</td>

<td>2018-07-02

</td>

<td>Feather Spray

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.5.0

</td>

<td>2018-04-23

</td>

<td>Joy in Playing

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.4.4

</td>

<td>2018-03-15

</td>

<td>Someone to Lean On

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.4.3

</td>

<td>2017-11-30

</td>

<td>Kite-Eating Tree

</td>

<td>See <a href="Kite-Eating_Tree" title="Kite-Eating Tree">Kite-Eating Tree</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.4.2

</td>

<td>2017-09-28

</td>

<td>Short Summer

</td>

<td>See <a href="It_Was_a_Short_Summer%2C_Charlie_Brown" title="It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown">It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.4.1

</td>

<td>2017-06-30

</td>

<td>Single Candle

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.4.0

</td>

<td>2017-04-21

</td>

<td>You Stupid Darkness

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.3.3

</td>

<td>2017-03-06

</td>

<td>Another Canoe

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.3.2

</td>

<td>2016-10-31

</td>

<td>Sincere Pumpkin Patch

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.3.1

</td>

<td>2016-06-21

</td>

<td>Bug in Your Hair

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.3.0

</td>

<td>2016-05-03

</td>

<td>Supposedly Educational

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.2.5

</td>

<td>2016-04-11

</td>

<td>Very, Very Secure Dishes

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.2.4

</td>

<td>2016-03-11

</td>

<td>Very Secure Dishes

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.2.3

</td>

<td>2015-12-10

</td>

<td>Wooden Christmas-Tree

</td>

<td>See <a href="A_Charlie_Brown_Christmas" title="A Charlie Brown Christmas">A Charlie Brown Christmas</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.2.2

</td>

<td>2015-08-14

</td>

<td>Fire Safety

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.2.1

</td>

<td>2015-06-18

</td>

<td>World-Famous Astronaut

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.2.0

</td>

<td>2015-04-16

</td>

<td>Full of Ingredients

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.1.3

</td>

<td>2015-03-09

</td>

<td>Smooth Sidewalk

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.1.2

</td>

<td>2014-10-31

</td>

<td>Pumpkin Helmet

</td>

<td>See <a href="You're_a_Good_Sport%2C_Charlie_Brown" title="You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown">You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.1.1

</td>

<td>2014-07-10

</td>

<td>Sock it to Me

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.1.0

</td>

<td>2014-04-10

</td>

<td>Spring Dance

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.0.3

</td>

<td>2014-03-06

</td>

<td>Warm Puppy

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.0.2

</td>

<td>2013-09-25

</td>

<td>Frisbee Sailing

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.0.1

</td>

<td>2013-05-16

</td>

<td>Good Sport

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.0.0

</td>

<td>2013-04-03

</td>

<td>Masked Marvel

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2.15.3

</td>

<td>2013-03-01

</td>

<td>Security Blanket

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2.15.2

</td>

<td>2012-10-26

</td>

<td>Trick or Treat

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2.15.1

</td>

<td>2012-06-22

</td>

<td>Roasted Marshmallows

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2.15.0

</td>

<td>2012-03-30

</td>

<td>Easter Beagle

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2.14.2

</td>

<td>2012-02-29

</td>

<td>Gift-Getting Season

</td>

<td>See <a href="It's_the_Easter_Beagle%2C_Charlie_Brown" title="It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown">It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2.14.1

</td>

<td>2011-12-22

</td>

<td>December Snowflakes

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2.14.0

</td>

<td>2011-10-31

</td>

<td>Great Pumpkin

</td>

<td>See <a href="It's_the_Great_Pumpkin%2C_Charlie_Brown" title="It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown">It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>r-devel

</td>

<td>N/A

</td>

<td>Unsuffered Consequences

</td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interfaces">Interfaces</h2></div>

<div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of user interfaces for R</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker whitebg gallery mw-gallery-packed">

<div class="gallerytext">Screenshot of the RKWard front-end running on the KDE 4 environment</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">R running in the emacs editor with the ESS package</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a> <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE)</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

R is installed with a <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command line console</a> by default, but there are multiple ways to interface with the language:

<ul><li><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment (IDE)</a>:

<ul><li>R.app<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> (OSX/<a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> only)</li>

<li><a href="Rattle_GUI" title="Rattle GUI">Rattle GUI</a></li>

<li><a href="R_Commander" title="R Commander">R Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="RKWard" title="RKWard">RKWard</a></li>

<li><a href="RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a></li>

<li>General-purpose IDEs:

<ul><li><a href="Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> via the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marketplace.eclipse.org/content/statet-r/">StatET plugin</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> via <a href="R_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="R Tools for Visual Studio">R Tools for Visual Studio</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Source-code_editor" title="Source-code editor">Source-code editors</a>:

<ul><li><a href="Emacs_Speaks_Statistics" title="Emacs Speaks Statistics">Emacs</a></li>

<li><a href="Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a> via the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2628">Nvim-R plugin</a></li>

<li><a href="LyX" title="LyX">LyX</a> via <a href="Sweave" title="Sweave">Sweave</a></li>

<li><a href="WinEdt" title="WinEdt">WinEdt</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=RWinEdt">website</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Jupyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/navigator/tutorials/r-lang/">website</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li>Other <a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a>:

<ul><li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpy2.github.io">website</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metacpan.org/module/Statistics::R">website</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/alexgutteridge/rsruby">source code</a>)</li>

<li><a href="F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bluemountaincapital.github.io/FSharpRProvider/">website</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/JuliaInterop/RCall.jl">source code</a>).</li></ul></li>

<li>General-purpose programming languages:

<ul><li><a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> via the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rserve/index.html">Rserve socket server</a></li>

<li><a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">.NET C#</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rdotnet.github.io/rdotnet/">website</a>)</li></ul></li></ul>

Statistical frameworks that use R in the background include <a href="Jamovi" title="Jamovi">Jamovi</a> and <a href="JASP" title="JASP">JASP</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div>

The main R implementation is written primarily in <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, and <a href="Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">R itself</a>. Other implementations include the following:

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pqr-project.org">pretty quick R</a> (pqR), by <a href="Radford_M._Neal" title="Radford M. Neal">Radford M. Neal</a>, which attempts to improve <a href="Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Renjin" title="Renjin">Renjin</a> for the <a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java Virtual Machine</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/projects/cxxr">CXXR</a> and Riposte<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> written in <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle's</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/oracle/fastr">FastR</a> built on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.graalvm.org/">GraalVM</a>.</li>

<li><a href="TIBCO_Software" title="TIBCO Software">TIBCO</a> Enterprise Runtime for R (TERR) to integrate with <a href="Spotfire" title="Spotfire">Spotfire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> (The company also created <a href="S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">S-Plus</a>, an implementation of the S language.)</li></ul>

Microsoft R Open (MRO) was an R implementation. As of 30 June 2021, Microsoft began to phase out MRO in favor of the CRAN distribution.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_support">Commercial support</h2></div>

Although R is an <a href="Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> project, some companies provide commercial support:

<ul><li><a href="Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> provides commercial support for its <a href="Oracle_Big_Data_Appliance" title="Oracle Big Data Appliance">Big Data Appliance</a>, which integrates R into its other products.</li>

<li><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> provides commercial support for execution of R within <a href="Hadoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadoop">Hadoop</a>.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison of numerical-analysis software</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison of statistical packages</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">List of numerical-analysis software</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">List of statistical software</a></li>

<li><a href="Rmetrics" title="Rmetrics">Rmetrics</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> This code displays to <a href="Standard_streams" title="Standard streams">standard error</a> a listing of all the packages that the tidyverse collection depends upon. The code may also display warnings showing namespace conflicts, which may typically be ignored.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Information about conferences and meetings is available in a community-maintained list on GitHub, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jumpingrivers.github.io/meetingsR/">jumpingrivers.github.io/meetingsR/</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> An expanded list of standard language features can be found in the manual "An Introduction to R", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdf">cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdf</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000672.html">"[Rd] R 4.1.1 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchulz2000" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (29 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2000/02/29">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 29, 2000 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchulz1965" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (12 July 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1965/07/12">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 12, 1965 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thumbs.worthpoint.com/zoom/images1/1/0418/30/peanuts-snoopy-charlie-brown-friend_1_505bef366e5738e429106a1f6e0f3acc.jpg">"Peanuts Snoopy Charlie Brown A Friend is Someone you can lean on metal tin sign"</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2025.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWickhamÇetinkaya-RundelGrolemund2023" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Hadley; Çetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://r4ds.hadley.nz/">R for data science: import, tidy, transform, visualize, and model data</a> (2nd ed.). Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo: <a href="O'Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4920-9740-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGagolewski2024" class="citation book cs1">Gagolewski, Marek (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/7490464">Deep R Programming</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2FZENODO.7490464">10.5281/ZENODO.7490464</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-6455719-2-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.r-project.org/TechDocs/">R Technical Papers</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bigbookofr.com/">Big Book of R</a>, curated list of R-related programming books</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.r-project.org/doc/bib/R-books.html">Books Related to R - R Project</a>, partially annotated curated list of books relating to R or S.</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Sweave" title="Sweave">Sweave</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Implementations">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Distributed_R" title="Distributed R">Distributed R</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_R_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft R Open">Microsoft R Open</a> (Revolution R Open)</li>

<li><a href="Renjin" title="Renjin">Renjin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="R_package" title="R package">Packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliometrix" title="Bibliometrix">Bibliometrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Easystats" title="Easystats">easystats</a></li>

<li><a href="Rmetrics" title="Rmetrics">Rmetrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiny_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiny (software)">Shiny</a></li>

<li><a href="SimpleITK" title="SimpleITK">SimpleITK</a></li>

<li><a href="Statcheck" title="Statcheck">Statcheck</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidyverse" title="Tidyverse">tidyverse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ggplot2" title="Ggplot2">ggplot2</a></li>

<li><a href="Dplyr" title="Dplyr">dplyr</a></li>

<li><a href="Knitr" title="Knitr">knitr</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Interfaces">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Emacs_Speaks_Statistics" title="Emacs Speaks Statistics">Emacs Speaks Statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="KH_Coder" title="KH Coder">KH Coder</a></li>

<li><a href="Rattle_GUI" title="Rattle GUI">Rattle GUI</a></li>

<li><a href="R_Commander" title="R Commander">R Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="RExcel" title="RExcel">RExcel</a></li>

<li><a href="RKWard" title="RKWard">RKWard</a></li>

<li><a href="RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Roger_Bivand" title="Roger Bivand">Roger Bivand</a></li>

<li><a href="Jenny_Bryan" title="Jenny Bryan">Jenny Bryan</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Chambers_(statistician)" title="John Chambers (statistician)">John Chambers</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Dalgaard" title="Peter Dalgaard">Peter Dalgaard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dirk_Eddelbuettel" title="Dirk Eddelbuettel">Dirk Eddelbuettel</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Gentleman_(statistician)" title="Robert Gentleman (statistician)">Robert Gentleman</a></li>

<li><a href="Ross_Ihaka" title="Ross Ihaka">Ross Ihaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Leisch" title="Friedrich Leisch">Friedrich Leisch</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Lumley_(statistician)" title="Thomas Lumley (statistician)">Thomas Lumley</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_D._Ripley" title="Brian D. Ripley">Brian D. Ripley</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_Silge" title="Julia Silge">Julia Silge</a></li>

<li><a href="Luke_Tierney" title="Luke Tierney">Luke Tierney</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li>

<li><a href="Yihui_Xie" title="Yihui Xie">Yihui Xie</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="R_Consortium" class="mw-redirect" title="R Consortium">R Consortium</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="R-Ladies" title="R-Ladies">R-Ladies</a></li>

<li><a href="Posit_PBC" title="Posit PBC">Posit PBC</a> (formerly RStudio PBC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_R_Journal" title="The R Journal">The R Journal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GNU_Project62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="GNU_Project62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation_of_India" title="Free Software Foundation of India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America">Latin America</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free software</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>

<ul><li><a href="GPL_linking_exception" title="GPL linking exception">linking exception</a></li>

<li><a href="GPL_font_exception" title="GPL font exception">font exception</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>

<li><a href="GNAT_Modified_General_Public_License" title="GNAT Modified General Public License">GNAT Modified General Public License</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> (<a href="GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">variants</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li>

<li><a href="Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">coreutils</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Find_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Find Utilities">findutils</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Autotools" title="GNU Autotools">Build system</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Binutils" title="GNU Binutils">binutils</a></li>

<li><a href="GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Taler" title="GNU Taler">GNU Taler</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_(software)" title="Electric (software)">GNU Electric</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Archimedes" title="GNU Archimedes">GNU Archimedes</a></li>

<li><a href="GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GNU Privacy Guard</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a> (<a href="GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a>)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Health" title="GNU Health">GNU Health</a></li>

<li><a href="GNUmed" title="GNUmed">GNUmed</a></li>

<li><a href="LilyPond" title="LilyPond">GNU LilyPond</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnash_(software)" title="Gnash (software)">Gnash</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li>

<li><a href="Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Fox_(programmer)" title="Brian Fox (programmer)">Brian Fox</a></li>

<li><a href="Federico_Heinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li>

<li><a href="William_John_Sullivan" title="William John Sullivan">John Sullivan</a></li>

<li>Nagarjuna G.</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard M. Stallman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation_anti-Windows_campaigns" title="Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns">Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns</a></li>

<li><a href="Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">Numerical-analysis software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Simulation_Library" title="Advanced Simulation Library">Advanced Simulation Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li>

<li><a href="Euler_Mathematical_Toolbox" title="Euler Mathematical Toolbox">Euler Mathematical Toolbox</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeFem%2B%2B" title="FreeFem++">FreeFem++</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeMat" title="FreeMat">FreeMat</a></li>

<li><a href="Genius_(mathematics_software)" title="Genius (mathematics software)">Genius</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>

<li><a href="Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (Julia, Python, R; <a href="IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>)</li>

<li><a href="OpenFOAM" title="OpenFOAM">OpenFOAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li>

<li><a href="Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">Salome</a></li>

<li><a href="ScicosLab" title="ScicosLab">ScicosLab</a></li>

<li><a href="Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Discontinued12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DADiSP" title="DADiSP">DADiSP</a></li>

<li><a href="FEATool_Multiphysics" title="FEATool Multiphysics">FEATool Multiphysics</a></li>

<li><a href="GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>

<li><a href="LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a></li>

<li><a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<li><a href="MWorks" title="MWorks">MWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy</a></li>

<li><a href="VisSim" title="VisSim">VisSim</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statistical_software284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Statistical_software284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">Statistical software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dataplot" title="Dataplot">Dataplot</a></li>

<li><a href="CSPro" title="CSPro">CSPro</a></li>

<li><a href="X-12-ARIMA" class="mw-redirect" title="X-12-ARIMA">X-12-ARIMA</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamovi" title="Jamovi">jamovi</a></li>

<li><a href="JMulTi" title="JMulTi">JMulTi</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (Julia, Python, R)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenBUGS" title="OpenBUGS">OpenBUGS</a></li>

<li><a href="Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">Orange</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> (statsmodels, <a href="PyMC3" class="mw-redirect" title="PyMC3">PyMC3</a>, <a href="IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, <a href="IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>)</li>

<li> (<a href="RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a>)</li>

<li><a href="SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li>

<li><a href="SimFiT" title="SimFiT">SimFiT</a></li>

<li><a href="SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA Statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="XLispStat" title="XLispStat">XLispStat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="CumFreq" title="CumFreq">CumFreq</a></li>

<li><a href="SegReg" title="SegReg">SegReg</a></li>

<li><a href="XploRe" title="XploRe">XploRe</a></li>

<li><a href="WinBUGS" title="WinBUGS">WinBUGS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>

<li><a href="GraphPad_InStat" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad InStat">GraphPad InStat</a></li>

<li><a href="GraphPad_Prism" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad Prism">GraphPad Prism</a></li>

<li>IBM <a href="SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a> Statistics</li>

<li>IBM <a href="SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a></li>

<li><a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<li><a href="OxMetrics" title="OxMetrics">OxMetrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="SmartPLS" title="SmartPLS">SmartPLS</a></li>

<li><a href="Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li>

<li><a href="StatView" title="StatView">StatView</a></li>

<li><a href="SUDAAN" title="SUDAAN">SUDAAN</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">World Programming System</a> (WPS)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="EViews" title="EViews">EViews</a></li>

<li><a href="Genstat" title="Genstat">GenStat</a></li>

<li><a href="LIMDEP" title="LIMDEP">LIMDEP</a></li>

<li><a href="LISREL" title="LISREL">LISREL</a></li>

<li><a href="MedCalc" title="MedCalc">MedCalc</a></li>

<li><a href="Microfit" title="Microfit">Microfit</a></li>

<li><a href="Minitab" title="Minitab">Minitab</a></li>

<li><a href="MLwiN" title="MLwiN">MLwiN</a></li>

<li><a href="Shazam_(econometrics_software)" title="Shazam (econometrics software)">Shazam</a></li>

<li><a href="SigmaStat" title="SigmaStat">SigmaStat</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistica" title="Statistica">Statistica</a></li>

<li><a href="StatsDirect" title="StatsDirect">StatsDirect</a></li>

<li><a href="StatXact" title="StatXact">StatXact</a></li>

<li><a href="SYSTAT_(statistics_package)" title="SYSTAT (statistics package)">SYSTAT</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Unscrambler" title="The Unscrambler">The Unscrambler</a></li>

<li>Unistat</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analyse-it" title="Analyse-it">Analyse-it</a></li>

<li>Unistat for Excel</li>

<li><a href="XLfit" title="XLfit">XLfit</a></li>

<li><a href="RExcel" title="RExcel">RExcel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison</a> • Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li>

<li><a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Lists: <a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>

<li><a href="Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206904#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1435" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206904#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1435" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7154440112035341758">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1086207">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4705956-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002004407">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14568271t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14568271t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph986737&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007539738205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/08080859X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/3d3f5ad1-d560-481c-9391-f726b4d127b2">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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